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Hohlgangsanlage are a number of tunnels constructed in Jersey by occupying German forces during the Occupation of Jersey. The Germans intended these bunkers to protect troops and equipment from aerial bombing and to act as fortifications in their own right. The word ''Hohlgangsanlage'' can be translated as "cave passage installations".〔Jersey's German Tunnels by Michael Ginns MBE, CIOS Jersey〕 The Channel Island tunnels are the only ones on the Atlantic wall to be referred to as ''Hohlganganlagen''. All the tunnels except for Ho5 are incomplete, and some never progressed beyond planning. The partly complete tunnels are, nonetheless, substantial in size. Completed sections were used for various purposes such as storage.〔 In 1944, when construction stopped, 244,000 m3 of rock had been extracted for tunnel digging collectively from Guernsey, Jersey and Alderney (the majority from Jersey). At the same point in 1944 the entire Atlantic Wall from Norway to the Franco-Spanish border, excluding the Channel Islands, had extracted some 225,000 m3.〔 ==History 1941-present day== Tunnel construction began in 1941, shortly before Hitler's October 1941 decree that the islands be defended.〔 The tunnels were constructed at strategic points around the island. Most of the tunnels were for shelter or storage, but some were used as part of and to link fortifications in strong points (such as at Corbière) and were part of casemates.〔 The tunnels were constructed by the ''Festungsbaubattalione'' (fortress construction battalions), ''4/Gesteinbohr Btl. 77'' (specialist mining battalions), the RAD (state labour for 17- and 18-year-olds) and the Organisation Todt.〔 The Germans used a variety of labour sources, most being forced.〔 After Todt's death Albert Speer drastically reduced the resources available for the construction of tunnels on the island.〔 During 1944 there was a shortage of raw materials, so effort was diverted to finish only the most complete tunnels. On May 9, 1945, construction stopped with the liberation of Jersey. Only a few tunnels were actually used by the Germans, Ho1, Ho4, Ho5 and Ho8, of these only one was actually completed (Ho5), and the others were used while partially completed with unfinished galleries being walled off, or left with pit props in place.〔 Immediately after the war, the British used the tunnels: soon after the Liberation of the Channel Islands, some military equipment was moved and stored in the tunnels. For example, Ho1 stored weapons, Ho2 stored small equipment such as helmets, gas masks, fuel, oxyacetylene and field kitchens. Ho13 stored Panzer Abteilung 213's Char B1 bis tanks.〔〔German Armour in the Channel Islands 1941-1945, Channel Islands Occupation Society (Jersey Branch), Panzer Abteuilung 213 in Text and Pictures, Archives Book 4, By Micheal Ginns〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=German Equipment stored in Ho2 )〕 During the 1950s scrap metal drive they were mostly cleared and sealed. Under Jersey law, a landowner owns everything beneath his land, down to the centre of the earth; so all the tunnels are privately owned.〔 ''Hohlgangsanlage 8'' is the only tunnel open to the public without special permission from the land owner; it was opened to the public in 1946 by the British army, then gifted to the States of Jersey by the War Department. After a lawsuit by the owners of the land above, it became privately owned but still operates as a museum today.〔 Post 1962 all the tunnels were thoroughly cleared of German equipment (apart from the museum, Ho1 due to roof collapse and Ho4 due to masses of barbed wire, roof collapses and unexploded ordnance) after a tragedy in which two souvenir hunters died of carbon monoxide poisoning in Ho2.〔 The tunnels are very unstable as, contrary to popular belief, most were bored not into solid granite, but loose shale. This is evident from the large number of roof collapses in the incomplete unlined tunnels. Most of the tunnels still survive today and are infrequently visited by organised parties (with permission).〔 There were plans to use some of the tunnels during the Swine flu pandemic; fortunately the pandemic never materialised.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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